Glossary

Alpha Particles
Particles pertaining or linked to the carbon atom closest to a particular group in an organic molecule
Anti-Parallel
Of two vectors pointing in opposite directions
Aurora
A luminous atmospheric phenomenon appearing as streamers or bands of light sometimes visible in the night sky in northern or southern regions of the earth. It is thought to be cause by charged particles from the sun entering the earth's magnetic field and stimulating molecules in the atmosphere
Cassiopeia A
The remnant of an exploding star in the constellation Cassiopeia
Earth Currents
Very low-density electrical currents that can be detected in the soil
Energetic Particles
A very small piece of solid matter that possesses, exerts, or displays energy
Energization Process
Solar wind electromotive forcing (such that ionospheric ions are accelerated by an externally applied solar wind electric field)
Geospace Environment
The environment of space around the Earth
Interface
A surface regarded as the common boundary of two bodies, spaces, or phases. Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission
Magnetic Acceleration
The rate of change of velocity with respect to time of magnetic forces
Magnetic Field
A region of space near a magnet, electric current, or moving charged particle in which a magnetic force acts on any other magnet, electric current, or moving charged particle
Magnetic Reconnection
A phenomenon by which magnetic fields lines get interconnected and reconfigure themselves
Magnetic Turbulence
Magnetic forces unstable in the atmosphere
Magnetometer
An instrument for measuring the magnitude and direction of a magnetic field
Magnetometry
An instrument for measuring the intensity of a magnetic field
Magnetopause
The outer boundary of the magnetosphere
Magnetosphere
The magnetic field of a planet; the volume around the planet in which charged particles are subject more to the planet's magnetic field than to the solar magnetic field
Magnetotail
The narrow and elongated region of the magnetosphere of the earth or of another planet that extends in the direction away from the sun
MMS
Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission
Plasma
A highly ionized gas containing an approximately equal number of positive ions and electrons; the fourth state of matter
Radiation
Energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles
SMART
Solving Magnetospheric Acceleration, Reconnection, and Turbulence
Solar Flare
A sudden eruption of hydrogen gas on the surface of the sun, usually associated with sunspots and accompanied by a burst of ultraviolet radiation that is often followed by a magnetic disturbance
Solar Wind
An emanation from the sun's corona consisting of a flow of charged particles, mainly electrons and protons, that interacts with the magnetic field of the earth and other planetary bodies
Van Allen Belts
Consists of highly energetic ionized particles trapped in the Earth's geomagnetic fields